Cars by Type
Cars by Era
Cars by Brand
Technology & Terminology
Editorials
About
Privacy

Terms & Technology

Automotive Technology

An Explanation of Hood Scoops
Hotchkiss Drive
Early Automatic Transmissions:
MacPherson Strut Suspension
Turbocharging and Supercharging

Terms and Definitions

Defining the Supercar and Muscle Car
From Pillar to Post: More Automotive Definitions
A Weighty Issue: Shipping Weight and Curb Weight
The German Way: DIN Horsepower Ratings
Understanding Gross vs. Net Horsepower Ratings
Definitions: Homologation
Doing the Twist: Horsepower, Torque, and Automotive Performance
What is a coupe?
What is a hardtop?

Biographies

Oscar Banker, Inventor
Henry Martyn Leland, Founder of Cadillac and Lincoln

Updated: October 22, 2018 — 9:14 pm

Administrative Pages

About the Site
Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Notice
Your California Privacy Rights
Do Not Sell My Personal Information
Privacy Tools
Older Privacy Policy Revisions
Reprint/Reuse Policy
Financial Transactions Policy
Contributing to the Site
Photos Wanted
Site Map

Contact Us

Contact Information and Contact Form
Do Not Sell My Personal Information
Advertise on Ate Up With Motor
Image Authorization Form
Follow us on Twitter @ateupwithmotor

Disable Analytics Tracking

Even if you’ve previously consented to tracking by the Google Analytics service, you can set a cookie on your current browser to disable analytics tracking by the Ate Up With Motor website by clicking the link below:

Disable Google Analytics Tracking

(Google, Google Analytics, and other related marks are trademarks of Google LLC.)

Recent Comments

kenneth gorseline on One Hundred from Zero: The 1936–1942 Buick Century
Aaron Severson on Cammer: The Pontiac OHC Six
Aaron Severson on Cammer: The Pontiac OHC Six
Jiro on Cammer: The Pontiac OHC Six
Aaron Severson on Cammer: The Pontiac OHC Six

Search Ate Up With Motor

Search for:

Recent Policy Updates

Ate Up With Motor's Terms of Use and Privacy Policy are updated periodically. The effective dates of the current versions are:

Terms of Use: November 29, 2021
Privacy Policy: November 28, 2021

If the dates above are newer than the last version(s) you reviewed, please take a moment to have a look at the current version(s). Clicking on the dates shown above should take you directly to the recent revisions list at the bottom of each page.

Ads and Endorsements Disclosure Notice

Paid advertising and sponsored links on Ate Up With Motor will be identified with words such as "Sponsor," "Sponsors," "Sponsored Link(s)," "Sponsored Content," "Advertisement," "Advertisement(s)," or "Paid Promotion" (or by images or icons containing such words). In the event we receive any compensation or consideration for any other content on this site, the nature of that compensation will be disclosed as part of the applicable content and/or otherwise adjacent to it (typically on the final page of a multi-page article).

Except as otherwise noted, all text and images are copyright © Aaron Severson dba Ate Up With Motor. Ate Up With Motor, its logo, and other associated icons and graphics are trademarks and/or service marks of Aaron Severson dba Ate Up With Motor. All other trademarks and/or service marks are the property of their respective owners. This is not an official website of any automaker or automotive brand!
(Terms of Use – Reprint/Reuse Policy – Privacy Policy – Cookie Notice – Your California Privacy Rights – Do Not Sell My Personal Information)

Ate Up With Motor and its third-party content providers may use cookies and/or similar technologies and collect personal information about visitors as described in the Privacy Policy and Cookie Notice. To learn more about the specific cookies used and/or to fine-tune your available choices, click "Privacy Preferences" at the right. (If you need to review or change these settings after you accept, you can do so from the Privacy Tools page.) California residents can also opt-out of the sale of their personal information through the Do Not Sell My Personal Information page.

Privacy Preference Center

Privacy Policy

Consent Management

Privacy Policy

Required

You read and agreed to our Privacy Policy. (You must agree to use this website.)

Password-Protected Posts

Accessing certain posts or pages on this website may require you to enter a specific password. If you correctly enter the password, the site saves this cookie on your device to allow you access to the password-protected post or page. (For this cookie, "xx" will be a cryptographic hash.) There may be more than one of these cookies, particularly if you access several password-protected posts with different passwords. The cookies normally expire in about 10 days, and are not set at all if you do not access any password-protected content.

Cookies Used

Required

wp_postpass_xx

Commenting

When you submit a comment, you may have the option save your information for future comments, storing the info in these cookies. (For each of these cookies, "xx" will be a cryptographic hash.) The cookies are not set at all unless you select that option when submitting a comment. They normally expire in just under one year, but you can delete the cookies in your browser (or other user agent) at any time. (These cookies are not usually set for administrative users, since comments they submit while logged in are associated with their user ID number and user profile information rather than a manually entered name and email address.)

Cookies Used

Required

comment_author_xx, comment_author_email_xx, comment_author_url_xx

Privacy and Cookie Preferences

These cookies manage your cookie and privacy preferences. There will typically be several such cookies, each beginning with "gdpr" (e.g., gdpr[allowed_cookies], gdpr&5Bprivacy_bar&5D, and gdpr[consent_types]). They normally expire after about one year. If you delete or disable these cookies, your existing preferences will be lost and you may not be able to save your privacy settings for this website. (These cookies may not be set at all for administrative users unless they access the publicly visible portions of the website and/or update their consent settings — e.g., by accepting an updated version of the Privacy Policy.)

Cookies Used

Required

gdpr, gdpr[allowed_cookies], gdpr&5Bprivacy_bar&5D, gdpr[consent_types]

Google Analytics

These first-party cookies enable the Google Analytics service to gather information about visitors and how they use the Ate Up With Motor website. The cookieconsent_status cookie records whether or not you've consented to analytics tracking and tells the website to hide the notification banner; the cookie normally expires after about one year. The _ga and _gid cookies, which are only placed if you click "Accept/Enable" in the notification banner, are used by the Google Analytics service to track your activity on the site. They may persist for up to two years. The _gat cookie, which may appear as _gat_gtag_UA_6113964_2, is sometimes set along with the _ga and _gid cookies; it is a short-lived "throttling" cookie, typically persisting for only a few minutes at a time, that is used to control how frequently requests are sent to the Google Analytics servers. (These cookies may not be set at all for administrative users unless they access the publicly visible portions of the website, as we do not currently use the Google Analytics service on the site's administrative dashboard or login page.)

The "Online Tracking" section of the Privacy Policy offers more information about how the analytics service works, how we use the data it collects, and how you can disable analytics tracking. If you clicked "Disable Tracking" on the notification banner that appeared near the top of your screen when you arrived, you've already disabled Google Analytics tracking by the Ate Up With Motor website, although this does not (and cannot) prevent our third-party embedded content providers from using the Google Analytics service in connection with embedded video players and/or other such content. For additional technical information about the cookies the analytics service may use, see their "Google Analytics Cookie Usage on Websites" page. (For your reference when reviewing that page, we do not currently use Google Analytics 4.) To learn more about how Google may use information collected by the Google Analytics service, see their "How Google uses information from sites or apps that use our services" page, the "Information for Visitors of Sites and Apps Using Google Analytics" section of the Google Analytics "Safeguarding your data" help page, and the Google Privacy Policy. (Google, Google Analytics, and other related marks are trademarks of Google LLC.)

Cookies Used

Required

cookieconsent_status, _ga, _gid, _gat, _gat_gtag_UA_6113964_2

Disable Google Analytics Tracking

This cookie is set when you click the "Disable Google Analytics Tracking" link. If you set the cookie, the Google Analytics service will no longer track your use of the Ate Up With Motor website, even if you previously consented to analytics tracking. (Please note that this cookie affects only your current browser (or other user agent) on your current device; works ONLY on the Ate Up With Motor website, not on other websites or online services; and cannot prevent our third-party embedded content providers from using the Google Analytics service in connection with embedded video players and/or other such content.) The cookie normally persists for as long as the settings of your browser (or other user agent) permit. (Google, Google Analytics, and other related marks are trademarks of Google LLC.)

Cookies Used

Required

ga-disable-UA-6113964-2

Accessibility Settings

If you change certain aspects of the site's appearance using the accessibility sidebar, it may set these cookies to manage and remember your settings. The wahFontColor and wahBgColor cookies, which are set if you alter the site's color scheme, normally expire after about 14 days, but you can remove them immediately by clicking the "Restore Defaults" button on the sidebar.

We may sometimes present an alternative version of the sidebar offering different options, which may set the a11y-desaturated, a11y-high-contrast, and/or a11y-larger-fontsize cookies if you change those settings. These a11y cookies normally expire after about seven days, but are removed immediately if you restore the applicable settings to their default values.

Cookies Used

Required

wahFontColor, wahBgColor, a11y-desaturated, a11y-high-contrast, a11y-larger-fontsize

PayPal® Button

The payment button in the "Support Ate Up With Motor" box (and similar payment or donation buttons that may appear on portions of the administrative dashboard, which is not normally accessible except to logged-in administrative users) contains embedded content served by PayPal® services. If the payment button is visible, it may set the third-party cookies PYPF (via paypalobjects.com, which is owned by PayPal, Inc.), which appears to check whether or not you are a logged-in PayPal user, possibly to facilitate the PayPal user login process, and/or 01A1 (via abmr.net, which is owned by Akamai Technologies), which stores certain technical information about your device and browser (or other user agent), possibly to facilitate the login and shopping cart functions. The PYPF cookie normally expires in approximately four weeks, the 01A1 cookie in approximately one year.

If you use the buttons to make a payment or donation, the PayPal services will set additional cookies (not listed here) to manage your PayPal login and transaction data (and potentially also for various other purposes, such as user analytics and/or advertising). For more information about what data PayPal services collect and how that data may be used, visit the "Legal Agreements for PayPal Services" page to review the PayPal Privacy Statement and Statement on Cookies and Tracking Technologies that apply in your location (the Statement on Cookies and Tracking Technologies that applies to each region is linked from within the applicable PayPal Privacy Statement). For more information about how Akamai may collect, process, and/or use personal data, visit the Akamai "Privacy and Policies" page and Privacy Trust Center. (PayPal.com, PayPal, and all logos related to the PayPal services are either trademarks or registered trademarks of PayPal, Inc. or its licensors. In addition, all page headers, custom graphics, button icons, and scripts related to the PayPal services are service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress of PayPal. Akamai is a registered trademark or service mark of Akamai Technologies, Inc. in the United States (Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off.).)

You can hide the "Support Ate Up With Motor" box and prevent the loading of its embedded content by switching the toggle switch for this category to "OFF." (At present, this setting does NOT affect the donation or payment buttons that may appear on portions of the site's administrative dashboard, nor does hiding the box affect any cookies that may have already been set). This setting is stored in your browser in the gdpr[allowed_cookies] cookie described in the "Privacy and Cookie Preferences" section, so if you delete that cookie or access the Ate Up With Motor website from a different device, browser, or user agent, you will need to adjust the setting again if you still wish to hide the box.

Cookies Used

ON OFF

PYPF, 01A1

YouTube Videos

These third-party cookies may be set in connection with embedded video players for content hosted on the YouTube video platform (which is owned by Google LLC), for purposes such as (without limitation) managing video settings (e.g., tailoring the playback to your connection speed), storing video preferences, providing certain functionality (e.g., allowing you to pause a video at a particular point), showing you advertisements, associating your video viewing and other activity with your Google account (if any), ensuring proper functioning of the service, and/or compiling user analytics data. The cookies may be set by various domains, including (though not necessarily limited to) youtube.com, youtube-nocookie.com, googlevideo.com, ytimg.com, google.com, accounts.google.com, and/or doubleclick.net (which is part of the DoubleClick advertising service, also owned by Google LLC). Some are session cookies that expire when you close your browser (or other user agent); others may remain in your browser (or other user agent) as long as your individual settings permit. Some of the cookies that may be set in connection with your Google account and/or advertisements served through the YouTube platform (which may include other cookies not listed here) are persistent cookies that may remain in your browser (or other user agent) for as long as your settings permit. To learn more about what information the YouTube platform and other Google services may collect through and/or in connection with embedded video players and how Google may use that information, see their "How Google uses information from sites or apps that use our services" page and the Google Privacy Policy. For additional information about how Google uses cookies and/or other technologies that may collect and/or process personal information, see the "Technologies" section of their Google Privacy & Terms site. For more information about Google advertising, see the "Advertising" section of their Google Privacy & Terms site, which also discusses the use of cookies by Google advertising services. (Google, DoubleClick, YouTube, and other related marks and logos are trademarks of Google LLC.)

Cookies Used

Required

yt.innertube::nextId, yt.innertube::requests, yt-remote-cast-installed, yt-remote-connected-devices, yt-remote-device-id, yt-remote-fast-check-period, yt-remote-session-app, yt-remote-session-name, recently_watched_video_id_list, use_hotbox, demographics, GPS, LOGIN_INFO, PREF, VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE, YSC, AID, ANID, APISID, CONSENT, DSID, FLC, GAPS, IDE, NID, HSID, OTZ, SID, SNID, SIDCC, TAID, exchange_uid, 1P_JAR

Vimeo Videos

These third-party cookies may be set in connection with embedded video players for content hosted on the Vimeo video platform, for purposes such as (without limitation) managing video settings, storing video preferences, providing certain functionality (e.g., allowing you to pause a video at a particular point), associating your video viewing and other activity with your Vimeo account (if you have one), showing you advertising, and/or compiling user analytics data. The cookies whose names begin with "_ga" and "_ut" are associated with the Google Analytics service (see their "How Google uses information from sites or apps that use our services" page, the "Information for Visitors of Sites and Apps Using Google Analytics" section of the Google Analytics "Safeguarding your data" help page, and the Google Privacy Policy for more information about how Google may use data gathered by this service; their "Google Analytics Cookie Usage on Websites" page provides additional technical information about the cookies the analytics service may use). Cookies whose names begin with "_ceg" are associated with the Crazy Egg web analytics service (which is subject to the Crazy Egg Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy). Cookies whose names begin with "optimizely" are associated with the Optimizely digital experience platform (which is subject to the Optimizely Privacy Policy; the "Privacy" section of the Optimizely Trust Center provides additional information about Optimizely privacy practices, including a link to the Data Processing Agreement that applies to personal data the Optimizely services process on customers' behalf that may be subject to certain regional privacy and/or data protection laws, while their "Cookies and localStorage in the Optimizely snippet" help page provides additional technical information about the cookies and/or similar technologies used by that platform). Cookies whose names begin with "adsense" or that are listed in all caps are associated with the Google AdSense advertising service and/or other Google advertising services (which are also subject to the Google Privacy Policy; for more information about Google advertising services, see their "How Google uses information from sites or apps that use our services" page and the "Advertising" section of their Google Privacy & Terms site, which also discusses the use of cookies by Google advertising services). The Vimeo Cookie Policy does not currently disclose the normal durations of the cookies and similar technologies that platform uses, but it appears that some may remain in your browser (or other user agent) for as long as your settings permit; some cookies set by the Google Analytics service can persist for up to two years. To learn more about what information the Vimeo platform collects and how that information may be used, see the Vimeo Privacy Policy. The Vimeo Cookie Policy also provides information about how Vimeo users can control the use of third-party analytics and/or advertising cookies in connection with embedded Vimeo video players. (Vimeo and the Vimeo logos are trademarks of Vimeo.com, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Google, AdSense, Google AdSense, Google Analytics, and other related marks are trademarks of Google LLC. Crazy Egg is a trademark of Crazy Egg, Inc. Optimizely is a registered trademark of Optimizely, Inc.)

Cookies Used

Required

_abexps, aka_debug, clips, continuous_play_v3, embed_preferences, has_logged_in, is_logged_in, jsessionID, player, search_click_position, Searchtoken, stats_end_date, stats_start_date, sst_aid, uid, v6f, vimeo, vuid, _ga, _gads, _utma, _utmb, _utmc, _utmv, _utmz,_ceg.s, _ceg.u, optimizelyBuckets, optimizelyEndUserId, optimizelySegments, adsense, adsenseReferralSourceId, adsenseReferralSubId, adsenseReferralUrl, adsenseReferralUrlQuery, S_adsense, APISID, GAPS, HSID, NID, N_T, PREF, SAPISID, SID, SNID, SSID

Administrative and Login Cookies

These first-party cookies are used to manage user logins and certain other administrative functions of the WordPress content management system, e.g., post editing. These cookies are necessary for the site's administrative users (who wouldn't even be able to log in without them), but if you are not an administrative user, these cookies aren't normally be placed on your device at all unless you somehow access the login area, which is off-limits to non-administrators.

Accessing the login page sets the wordpress_test_cookie, a session cookie that tests whether the user's browser (or other user agent) will allow the cookies needed to log in to the administrative dashboard; this cookie normally expires when the user closes their browser (or other user agent). The iThemes Security plugin may also set the itsec-hb-login-xx cookie, which helps to protect the site against "brute force" hacking attempts; that cookie normally expires in about one hour. In certain cases, multiple iterations of either or both of these cookies may be set.

Logging in sets the wordpress_logged_in_xx, wordpress_sec_xx, and/or wordpress_xx cookies, which store the user's login credentials to allow access to the administrative dashboard and other administrative functions; there may be multiple iterations of each cookie. These cookies expire in about 15 days if the user clicks "Remember Me" when logging in; if not, the cookies normally expire when the user closes their browser (or other user agent), or, failing that, within about two days. If we have enabled multi-factor authentication (which requires an authentication code as well as a password to log into the administrative dashboard), the iThemes Security plugin may also set the itsec_interstitial_browser cookie during the login process. This is a session cookie that verifies that the user has entered valid user credentials pending receipt of the correct authentication code; the cookie normally expires when the user closes their browser (or other user agent).

After logging in, the wp-settings-UID cookies store the logged-in user's configuration settings, while the wp-settings-time-UID cookies record the time those configuration settings were last set; again, there may be multiple iterations of each of these cookies, which normally expire after about one year. One or more wp-saving-post cookies may be set while creating and/or editing posts or pages, to help manage version control and the autosave feature; these cookies normally expire after about 24 hours. The wp-donottrack_feed cookie, which controls a blog feed, was set by accessing the dashboard menu for the WP DoNotTrack plugin (which we do not currently use on this website); this cookie normally expires in about one year.

For all the administrative and login cookies described here, "xx" will be a cryptographic hash while "UID" will be the administrative user's user ID number in this website's WordPress database. (WordPress and the WordPress logos are registered trademarks of the WordPress Foundation in the United States and other countries. iThemes is one of the Liquid Web family of brands; iThemes and Liquid Web are trademarks of Liquid Web, LLC.)

Cookies Used

Required

wordpress_test_cookie, itsec-hb-login-xx, itsec_interstitial_browser, wordpress_sec_xx, wordpress_logged_in_xx, wordpress_xx, wp-settings-UID, wp-settings-time-UID, wp-saving-post, wp-donottrack_feed

Font Resize

Accessibility by WAH