Jetfire Revisited

With turbocharging now so common, it’s tempting to look at the Oldsmobile Jetfire and turbocharged Corvair as cars ahead of their time, and ask whether their early demise was a mistake.

In the short term, the turbocharged Corvair was probably the more prescient of the two, foreshadowing the host of modestly priced turbocharged four- and six-cylinder coupes that appeared in the eighties, many of which were almost as crude and just as peaky. That it didn’t survive that long was due more to the failure of the second-generation Corvair to effectively compete with the Mustang than with the merits of the turbocharged engine itself. Had the Corvair survived into the seventies, it’s not unlikely that a turbocharged version would have resurfaced eventually, even if it had been dropped for a time in the late sixties.

The second-generation (1965–1969) Chevrolet Corvair had a lovely shape and a vastly improved fully independent suspension, but neither did it much good against the new Ford Mustang, which quickly became the car to beat in the sporty compact market the Corvair Monza had previously dominated (and had to some extent created). Turbocharged Corsa hardtops like this one were rare. (Photo: “Chevrolet Corvair Corsa Turbo (1965)” by Steve Glover, which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license)

Evaluating the F-85 Jetfire in this light is more difficult. In concept, the Jetfire wasn’t far removed from modern turbocharged cars — not high-performance models, but family cars and luxury sedans using turbochargers to make smaller engines do the work of larger ones. However, we don’t believe it would have ever really succeeded in that role. Its complex fluid injection system would likely have been an insuperable handicap even if it had worked flawlessly, and the obvious alternatives would either have been too costly or would have sacrificed too much performance for Oldsmobile to consider them worthwhile.

Was Oldsmobile wrong to drop the turbocharged engine rather than continuing to develop it? Perhaps, but in the early sixties, the factors have since driven the move to downsized turbocharged engines had only begun to emerge. California imposed the first automotive emissions requirements (for the recirculation of crankcase vapor) beginning with the 1963 model year, subsequently adding limits for hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions that took effect three years after that, but the first federal emissions standards didn’t take effect until 1968, and those early standards (measured in parts per million or percentage of exhaust volume) didn’t necessarily favor smaller engines. Concern about carbon dioxide emissions did not enter the public consciousness until many years later, and as for fuel economy, even the most tight-fisted American consumers of this era had rather generous ideas of what constituted “good gas mileage.” Moreover, U.S. buyers, unlike their counterparts in many other markets, didn’t have (and still don’t have) any overriding financial reason to prefer smaller-displacement engines. In other words, Oldsmobile had no obvious reason to continue refining its turbocharger technology past the 1963 model year. The division’s normally aspirated cast iron V-8s better suited Oldsmobile’s contemporary priorities in nearly every respect, including fuel economy.

While this looks to be an authentic Jetfire badge (or at least a good replica), the blue car whose fender it adorns is an F-85 convertible; the F-85 Jetfire was never offered as a convertible. (Photo: “DSC00143” by Greg Gjerdingen, which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license)

Although Oldsmobile didn’t try to revive the turbocharged Jetfire in the seventies, instead betting on its ill-fated diesel V-8 to boost its fleet average fuel economy, the turbocharged Buick V-6 could reasonably be regarded as a Jetfire successor. If it wasn’t exactly a direct descendant, the turbo V-6 did clearly take some worthwhile lessons from the earlier Oldsmobile and Chevrolet turbos, a rare example (like the V-6 itself) of GM promptly reviving a previously discarded innovation as soon as it had a stronger use case.

The 3.8 Turbo V-6 did not remain a Buick exclusive throughout its 11-year production life, finding its way into other makes and models like the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, although it never approached the ubiquity of the normally aspirated Buick V-6. (Photo: General Motors LLC)

Thus, while the Jetfire was a failure in its own time and on its own terms — a technological novelty item, simultaneously over-elaborate and undercooked, and too expensive relative to its benefits — it was not an entirely Pyrrhic effort. Rather, it was an early, imperfect, slightly off-kilter rough draft of a more practical (if no less complicated) future.

AUTHOR’S NOTES

You can purchase our author’s notes for this article, with a 6,700-word section-by-section discussion of specific points of interest and sources of information, from the Ate Up With Motor Patreon shop: Turbos for the Turnpike (Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire) Author’s Notes

(This is also a great way to support Ate Up With Motor!)

NOTES ON SOURCES

Our sources for this article included ABB, “ABB to spin off its Accelleron turbocharging business” [press release], 20 July 2022, new.abb. com/ news/ detail/ 93354/ abb-to-spin-off-its-accelleron-turbocharging-business, and “Accelleron – the new face of ABB Turbocharging” [press release], 15 February 2022, new.abb. com/ news/ detail/ 87841/ accelleron-the-new-face-of-abb-turbocharging, accessed 27 February 2023; Ali Assi, Bassel Chokor, Mohamad Hammoud, Ali Hallal, Ali Al Shaer, and Bakri Abdulhay, “Reducing the Turbo Lag of a Fixed Geometry Turbocharger,” International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 2017): 234–243; “Auguste Rateau, 1863–1930,” Nature 131 (6 May 1933): 650; “The Autocar road tests 1814: Buick Special,” The Autocar 31 March 1961: 494–497; “Autocar Road test No. 2181: Rover 3500 3,528 c.c.,” Autocar 28 August 1968: 35–39; “AutoTest: BMW 2002 Turbo,” Autocar 2 November 1974: i–viii; “AutoTest: Range Rover (3,528 c.c.),” Autocar 12 November 1970: 56–60; the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, Encyclopedia of American Cars: Over 65 Years of Automotive History (Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1996), and Porsche Chronicle (Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, Ltd., 1995); the Automotive History Preservation Society, Eric B. White Digital Documents Library, wildaboutcarsonline.com; Joe Baugher, “Boeing B-17 Fortress,” 31 July 1999, www.joebaugher. com/ usaf_bombers/ b17.html, accessed 14 February 2023; “Consolidated P-30/PB-2A,” 26 February 2000, www.joebaugher. com/ usaf_fighters/ p30.html, accessed 9 February 2023; and “Curtiss P-6 Hawk,” 31 December 2000, www.joebaugher. com/ usaf_fighters/ p6.html, accessed 9 February 2023; Patrick Bedard, “Saab Turbo,” Car and Driver Vol. 23, No. 3 (September 1977): 65–70; the Before Black website, www.beforeblack.net; “BMW 2002 Turbo E20. The first of its kind,” BMW M Magazine 26 July 2021, www.bmw-m. com/ en/ topics/ magazine-article-pool/ bmw-2002-turbo-e20.html, accessed 6 February 2023; Bentley Motors, “The ‘Blower’ Bentley,” n.d., www.bentleymotors. com/ en/ world-of-bentley/ the-bentley-story/history-and-heritage/ heritage-cars/the-blower-bentley.html, accessed 18 March 2023; “The Berlin Automobile Show,” Motor Land Vol. 9, No. 5 (November 1921): 21–22; Alfred L. Boegehold, “Materials in the Automobile of the Future,” Metal Progress Vol. 70, No. 3 (September 1956): 103–109; John R. Bond, “Miscellaneous Ramblings,” Road & Track Vol. 13, No. 4 (December 1961): 15–17, and “Something for Nothing?” Road & Track Vol. 3, No. 9 (May 1962): 18–24; “The B-O-P 3.5-Liter Aluminum V-8: A Technical Analysis,” Road & Track Vol. 12, No. 3 (November 1960): 22–25; Griffith Borgeson, “4 Cylinder, Twin Cam, 16 Valve American Dream,” Motor Trend Vol. 22, No. 5 (May 1970): 56–61, 111, and The Golden Age of the American Racing Car (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1998); Peter M. Bowers, “The Curtiss Army Hawks,” Profile Publications No. 45 (January 1965); Maurice J. Brevoort, Upshur T. Joyner, and M. Leifer, “Intercooler Design for Aircraft,” Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Library, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics SR-124, September 1939; Ray Brock, “Modifying GM’s Aluminum V8’s,” Hot Rod Vol. 14, No. 6 (June 1961): 26–33; “Packard Hawk Performance Test,” Hot Rod Vol. 11, No. 5 (May 1958): 18–21, 76–79; “Supercharging the: Corvair Falcon Valiant,” Hot Rod Vol. 13, No. 7 (July 1960): 28–34, 102–104; and “Turbosupercharged Olds F-85,” Hot Rod Vol. 15, No. 6 (June 1962): 26–31, 86–87; Alfred Büchi, U.S. Patent No. 1,006,907, “Hydrocarbon Power Plant,” filed 30 October 1906, patented 24 October 1911; U.S. Patent No. 1,158,978, “Turbine-Pump, Turbine-Blower, and Propeller,” filed 1 March 1909, patented 2 November 1915; and U.S. Patent No. 1,849,170, “Internal Combustion Engine Provided with Exhaust Turbines and Compressors,” filed 16 December 1925, priority date 24 December 1924, patented 15 March 1932; Buick Motor Division, General Motors Corporation, “AMA Specifications – Passenger Car: Buick 1963,” Automobile Manufacturers Association Form AMA-40A, 25 January 1962, revised 20 June 1962; “Buick Special,” Motor Trend Vol. 13, No. 2 (February 1961): 22–27, 44–45; “Buick 1978: 75 Years of Greatness” [brochure 78-BA-2-9-77, September 1977]; “Buick V-6,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 10 (November 1961): 8–11; Gilbert Burrell and Frank W. Ball, “Oldsmobile’s New 330 Cu In. V-8 Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 884A (New York: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1964); “Car and Driver Road Test: Corvair Monza Spyder,” Car and Driver Vol. 10, No. 5 (May 1963): 50–53; “Car and Driver Road Test: Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire,” Car and Driver Vol. 10, No. 5 (May 1963): 38–40; “Car Life Road Test: Oldsmobile F-85,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 4 (May 1961): 12–16; “Car Life Road Test: Pontiac 4, Buick 6, Oldsmobile 8,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 11 (December 1961): 8–13; “Car Life Road Test: Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire,” Car Life Vol. 10, No. 3 (April 1963): 31–35; “Car Life Road Test: Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire Sports Coupe,” Car Life Vol. 9, No. 4 (May 1962): 45–49; William Carroll, “Boost by Exhaust,” Sports Cars Illustrated Vol. 3, No. 3 (September 1957): 18–19, 50–51; “Chadwick #4 (1908),” Vanderbilt Cup Races, www.vanderbiltcupraces. com/ cars/ car/ chadwick_4_1908, accessed 10 February 2023; Charles A. Chayne, “Imported Automobile Show,” The Tech Engineering News Vol. 4, No. 6 (December 1923): 205, 228–230; H. Chen, T. Cai, and P. Li, “The Transient Response of Turbocharger Turbines,” 10th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging (2012), 295–304; Chevrolet Motor Division, General Motors Corporation, “AMA Specifications – Passenger Car: Corvair, 1962,” Automobile Manufacturers Association Form AMA-40A, 23 October 1961, revised 1 March 1962; “AMA Specifications – Passenger Car: Corvair, 164 Cu. In. 6-Cyl., 1965,” Automobile Manufacturers Association Form AMA-40A, 28 September 1964; Corvair factory specifications for 1962 (issued October 1961, revised April 1962), 1963 (issued October 1962, revised November 1962), 1964 (issued October 1963, revised January 1964), 1965 (issued October 1964, revised December 1964), and 1966 (issued October 1965, revised December 1965); and Chevrolet Service News Vol. 34, No. 4 (April 1962); “Corvair Monza Spyder,” Car Life Vol. 9, No. 3 (April 1962): 10–13; A.T. Colwell, R.E. Cummings, and D.E. Anderson, Thompson Products, Inc., “Alcohol-Water Injection for Spark Ignition Engines,” Automotive and Aviation Industries Vol. 92, No. 5 (March 1, 1945): 30–34; comments by ‘Eason’ and ‘826BB’ in “Scout with 150 Turbo engine,” Red Power Magazine forums, 29 December 2016 and 3 January 2017, www.redpowermagazine. com/ forums/ topic/ 105158-scout-with-152-turbo-engine/, accessed 24 February 2023; “Compact power pack (Motor Road Test No. 17/68: Rover Three Thousand Five,” Motor 20 April 1968: 41-46; “Cord 812 Supercharged Convertible Coupe: A Car Life Classic,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 10 (November 1961): 58–63; “Corvair Monza Spyder,” Car Life Vol. 9, No. 3 (April 1962): 10–13; Crosley Automobile Club website, crosleyautoclub.com, accessed 22 February 2023; Crosley Motors, Inc. “The Crosley Quicksilver Engine with the Thompson Vitamenter” [brochure, ca. 1951] Kris Culmer, “Throwback Thursday 1962: the Oldsmobile Jetfire explained,” Autocar 8 March 2018, www.autocar. co.uk/ car-news/ anything-goes-throwback-thursday/ throwback-thursday-1962-oldsmobile-jetfire-explained, accessed 6 February 2023; Nick Czap, “How Do You Make Turbo Engines More Efficient? Just Add Water,” New York Times 30 September 2016, www.nytimes. com/ 2016/ 09/ 30/ automobiles/how-do-you-make-turbo-engines-more-efficient-just-add-water.html, accessed 6 February 2023; “Design Features of the Buick Special and the Olds F-85 Aluminum Engines,” Parts I and II, Automotive Industries Vol. 124, No. 8 (April 15, 1961): 60–63, 106, 112, and Vol. 125, No. 9 (May 1, 1961): 49–51, 69; Khiem Dinh, “Turbo Tech: Compressor and Turbine Map Details,” MotoIQ, n.d., motoiq. com/ turbo-tech-compressor-and-turbine-map-details/, and “Turbo Tech: Generating Compressor and Turbine Maps,” n.d., motoiq. com/ turbo-tech-generating-compressor-and-turbine-maps/, accessed 23 March 2023; Hugh Dolnar, “The Chadwick Six,” Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal Vol. 11, No. 12 (June 1, 1907): 102–122; Clinton H. Dearborn and Abe Silverstein, “Drag Analysis of Single-Engine Military Airplanes Tested in the NACA Full-Scale Wind Tunnel,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ACR 489, October 1940; David Donald, “Warplane Classic: Lockheed P-38 Lightning: ‘Fork-tailed Devil,'” International Air Power Review Vol. 14 (2004): 124–155; William Drayer, assigner to General Motors Corporation, U.S. Patent No. US3049865, “Turbocharger Control Means,” filed 19 February 1960, patented 21 August 1962; Frederick L. Dryer, “Water addition to practical combustion systems—Concepts and applications,” Symposium (International) on Combustion Vol. 16, No. 1 (1977): 279–295; Terry B. Dunham and Lawrence R. Gustin, The Buick: A Complete History (An Automobile Quarterly Magnificent Marque Book), 3rd ed. (Kurtztown, Pa.: Automobile Quarterly, 1987); Jim Dunne and Jan P. Norbye, Buick 1946–1978: The Classic Postwar Years, 2nd ed. (Osceola, Wis.: MBI, Inc./Motorbooks International, 1993); Helen Jones Earley and James R. Walkinshaw, Setting the Pace: Oldsmobile’s First 100 Years (Lansing, Mich.: Oldsmobile Division of General Motors Corporation, 1996); Helmuth W. Engelman and H. Jack White, “Use of Water Injection to Decrease Gasoline Consumption in an Aircraft Engine Cruising at High Power,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics RB No. E4H12, August 1944; Kurt Ernst, “Cars of Futures Past – 1962–1963 Oldsmobile Jetfire,” Hemmings 18 April 2013, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ 2013/ 04/ 18/ yesterdays-car-of-tomorrow-1962-1963-oldsmobile-jetfire, accessed 6 February 2023; John Etheridge, “Corvair Corsa Road Test,” Motor Trend Vol. 16, No. 1 (January 1965): 26–31, and “Olds swings a pair of keen Cutlasses: A 4-4-2 for cutting ET’s and a Turnpike Cruiser for slashing fuel bills,” Motor Trend Vol. 19, No. 2 (February 1967): 53–56; Brett T. Evans, “VIDEO: Cummins Wakes 1952 Diesel Special Indy Car After Years of Slumber,” Truck Trend 24 May 2016, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ news/ 1605-cummins-wakes-1952-diesel-special-indy-car-after-years-of-slumber/, accessed 10 February 2023; “Every Cubic Inch a Horsepower,” General Motors World Vol. XLI, No. 3 (May–June 1962): 2–5; “Evolution of Roots brand in the UK,” Howden Group, www.howden. com/ en-us/ articles/ history/ evolution-of-roots-brand-in-uk, accessed 16 February 2023; “Exhaust-Driven Supercharger for $79.50,” Motor: The Automotive Business Magazine Vol. 73, No. 4 (April 1940): 112; Ken Fermoyle, “Buick, Olds, Pontiac Go Compact,” Popular Science Vol. 177, No. 4 (October 1960), pp. 72–76, 244–246; Warren W. Fitzgerald, “Car Life Classic: 1934 Duesenberg SJ Weymann Torpedo Phaeton,” Car Life Vol. 9, No. 3 (April 1962): 36–43; James M. Flammang, “1962–63 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire: First Wave of the Future,” Collectible Automobile Vol. 19, No. 6 (April 2003): 8–17, adapted as the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, “1962-1963 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire,” 4 October 2007, HowStuffWorks.com, auto.howstuffworks. com/ 1962-1963-oldsmobile-f85-jetfire.htm, last accessed 6 February 2023; Patrick R. Foster, Standard Catalog of Jeep, 1940–2003 (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 2003), and The Story of Jeep (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 1998); Devon Francis, “New turbocharger makes Corvair 150 Horses Hot,” Popular Science Vol. 180, No. 4 (April 1962): 77–80, 234; Arthur W. Gardiner and Elliott G. Reid, “Preliminary Flight Tests of the N.A.C.A. Roots Type Aircraft Engine Supercharger,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Report No. 263, 1927; Arthur W. Gardiner and Oscar W. Schey, “The Comparative Performance of an Aviation Engine at Normal and High Inlet Air Temperatures,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Report No. 277, January 1928; “Garrett Corporation Marks 50th Anniversary,” Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology Vol. 58 No. 11 (November 1986): 26–30; Gary’s Turbocharger spotters guide, The Dodge Garage, n.d., www.thedodgegarage. com/ turbo_turbo.html, accessed 1 March 2023; Jeffrey I. Godshall, “A Cord by Any Other Name—Hupp Skylark/Graham Hollywood,” Car Life Vol. 15, No. 2 (March 1967): 66–71, and “What Is a Graham? The Graham Brothers and Their Car,” Automobile Quarterly Vol. 13, No. 1 (First Quarter 1975): 80–82; Aaron Gold, “Why W.O. Bentley Despised the Supercharged Blower Bentleys,” Automobile, 6 June 2019, via MotorTrend.com, /www.motortrend. com/ news/ w-o-bentley-despised-blower-bentleys/, accessed 18 March 2023; Reza Golzari, Hua Zhao, Jonathan Hall, et al; “Impact of intake port injection of water on boosted downsized gasoline direct injection engine combustion, efficiency, and emissions,” International Journal of Engine Research Vol. 22, No. 1 (January 2021): 295–315, first published online 8 April 2019; T. Grace, Automatic Transmission Service Guide (Union, N.J.: Lincoln Technical Institute, 22 September 1966); the Graham Owners Club website, www.grahamownersclub.com, last accessed 18 March 2023; Don Green, “Super Nova,” Car Craft March 1972, reprinted in Chevy II · Nova & SS Muscle Portfolio 1962–1974, ed. R.M. Clarke (Cobham, England: Brooklands Books Ltd., ca. 1995): 113–115; John Gunnell, ed., Standard Catalog of Pontiac 1926–2002 (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 2012); Bill Gunston, “Fighters 1914–1939,” and “Fighters 1939–1945,” Air Power: A Modern Illustrated Military History (New York: Exeter Books, 1979), and World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th ed. (Thrupp, England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2006); George E.A. Hallett, “Superchargers and Supercharging Engines,” The Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Vol. 5, No. 5 (November 1919): 371–375; Haynes International, “Our Heritage: Our Company History,” www.haynesintl. com/ company-information/ our-heritage/ our-company-history, accessed 18 February 2023; Des Hammill, How to Power Tune Rover V-8 Engines: For Road and Track (Dorchester, England: Veloce Publishing Ltd., 2005); C.J. Heltemes Jr., “Auto Aerodynamics,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 8 (September 1961): 50–54; Walter B. Herndon, “GM develops light-weight, compact, Hydra-Matic transmissions,” The SAE Journal Vol. 69, No. 3 (March 1961): 46–48; Hermann Hiereth and Peter Prenninger, eds., trans. Klaus W. Drexl, Charging the Internal Combustion Engine (Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag, 2007); Chuck Holsclaw, “The National FAA Safety Team Presents: Pre-ignition/Detonation,” Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Safety Team, April 2019, https://www.faasafety.gov/files/notices/2019/Jul/Preignition.pdf, accessed 19 February 2023; M. Park Hunter, “1962 Oldsmobile Jetfire: Turbo Before Its Time,” Special Interest Autos No. 152 (March-April 1996), reprinted in The Hemmings Book of Oldsmobiles: driveReports from Special Interest Autos magazine, eds. Terry Ehrich and Richard Lentinello (Bennington, Vt.: Hemmings Motor News, 2001); Roger Huntington, “An Engineer Analyzes the 1961 Cars,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 114, No. 7 (January 1961): 152–159, 251, 257, 260–262, 272–273; “An Engineer Analyzes the ’62s,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 117, No. 6 (January 1962): 109–113, 238–242; “A new V-8 for the F-85,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 12 (December 1963): 68–70; “Car Life Road Test: Turnpike Cruiser: Oldsmobile Designs a Long-Legged, Strong-Willed Gas Miser,” Car Life Vol. 14, No. 3 (April 1967): 64–69; “The Rocket Stage 2,” Hot Rod Vol. 17, No. 11 (November 1964): 54–59; “Oldsmobile Aims at the Youth Market,” Car Life Vol. 12, No. 6 (July 1965): 12–15; “Spyder — 150 hp!” Motor Trend Vol. 14, No. 5 (May 1962): 50–55; “Supercharging the Right Way,” Sports Cars Illustrated Vol. 2, No. 2 (August 1956): 24–27, 58–60; “Supercharging II,” Sports Cars Illustrated Vol. 2, No. 3 (September 1956): 42–45, 62–66; “Supercharging III,” Sports Cars Illustrated Vol. 2, No. 4 (October 1956): 46–49, 65–66; “Super Turbocharging the F-85,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 4 (April 1963): 34–37, 88–90; “Turbo-Rocket Power for the Olds Jetfire,” Car and Driver Vol. 9, No. 7 (June 1962): 62–65; and “Turbosupercharging — A Milestone Development,” Car Life Vol. 12, No. 7 (August 1965): 57–60; Roger Huntington and Gene Booth, “More Spunk for the Spyder… and Smoothing Out the Monza,” Car Life Vol. 10, No. 3 (April 1963): 28–29; “Injection Booster for Automobiles,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 91, No. 5 (May 1949): 168; Imperialist, “Curbside Clairvoyant: 1962-63 Olds Jetfire — With Turbo Rocket Fluid! — GM’s Deadly Sin #36,” Curbside Classic 16 October 2017, www.curbsideclassic. com/ curbside-classics-american/ curbside-clairvoyant-1962-63-olds-jetfire-with-turbo-rocket-fluid/, last accessed 29 April 2023; Kazuo Inoue, Osamu Kubota, Noriyuki Kishi, and Shunji Yano, “A High Power, Wide Torque Range, Efficient Engine with a Newly Developed Variable Geometry Turbocharger,” SAE Technical Paper 890457 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1989); International Harvester Company, “International Scout Models: Action Wheels for Everyone” [brochure AD-4721-T3 6-9, ca. June 1967]; Charles W. Iseler, “Application of Superchargers to Automobile Engines,” Transactions of the Society of Automotive Engineers Volume 21 Part I (1926): 274–289; JetfireGuy’s OldsJetfire.com website (in particular the technical commentary by Jim Noel), last accessed 6 February 2023; Andrew E. Johnson, “Experimenting with the VNT25 Variable Nozzle Turbocharger,” The Dodge Garage, n.d., www.thedodgegarage. com/ turbo_vnt.html, accessed 1 March 2023; Greg Johnson, “Chief Engineer Tom Wallace – The Definitive Tom Wallace Interview,” Motor Trend 29 March 2007, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ features/ vemp-0610-tom-wallace-interview/, accessed 7 March 2023; J.H. Jones, W.L. Kingsbury, H.H. Lyon, P.R. Mutty, K.W. Thurston, “Development of a 5.7 Litre V8 Automotive Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 780412 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1978); Michael Jordan, “Short Take: Saab 99 EMS Lambda-Sond,” Car and Driver Vol. 23, No. 1 (July 1977): 103–104; Arthur W. Judge, Motor Manuals Volume I: Automobile Engines (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1925); David Kennedy, “Cummins at the Indy 500 – Diesel Alley,” Hot Rod 25 April 2016, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ features/ 0808dp-cummins-diesel-race-car/, accessed 10 February 2023; Lewis Kingston, “PH Origins: Water injection,” PistonHeads, 29 January 2018, www.pistonheads. com/ news/ph-features/ ph-origins-water-injection/ 37471, accessed 6 February 2023; William C. Kinsman, “The Cord Models 810 and 812,” Profile Publications No. 35 (Surrey, England: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966); Emil Klingelfuss, “Increasing the Power of Diesel Engines and Aeroplane Engines by the Büchi Process Using Exhaust-Gas Turbo Supercharging. Possibility of Applying Exhaust-Gas Turbo Supercharging to Other Purposes,” The Brown Boveri Review Vol. 24, No. 7 (July 1937): 175–190; Mike Knepper, “Buick Century Turbo Coupe,” Car and Driver Vol. 24, No. 12 (June 1979): 43–50; Jay Kopycinski, “Scout Stats: International Harvester 4×4 Spotters Guide,” FourWheeler, 14 December 2016, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ features/ 1612-scout-stats-international-harvester-4×4-spotters-guide/, accessed 24 February 2023; Jim Koscs, “50 Years Ago, the Turbocharger Was a Disruptive Technology,” New York Times 21 December 2014, www.nytimes. com/ 2014/ 12/ 21/ automobiles/ collectibles/ 50-years-ago-the-turbocharger-was-a-disruptive-technology.html, accessed 9 February 2023, and “The mechanic keeping the forgotten Oldsmobile Jetfire alive,” Hagerty, 12 September 2017, www.hagerty. com/ media/ car-profiles/ oldsmobile-jetfire/, accessed 6 February 2023; Jon Lake, “Warbird Classic: P-47 Thunderbird: Part 1: Early Development and Combat in the ETO,” International Air Power Review Vol. 1 (Summer 2001): 138–169; John Lamm, “The Inner Sanctum Explained,” Road & Track Vol. 29, No. 12 (August 1978): 145–146; Michael Lamm, “Martyr,” Special Interest Autos No. 22 (May 1974), reprinted in Corvair Performance Portfolio 1959-1969, ed. R.M. Clarke (Cobham, England: Brooklands Books Ltd., ca. 1998): 132–140; Randy Leffingwell, Porsche Turbo: The Inside Story of Stuttgart’s Turbocharged Road and Race Cars (Minneapolis, Minn.: Motorbooks, 2015); John Lehenbauer, “Turbochargers: A history,” TruckTrend 11 June 2018, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ features/ 1806-turbochargers-a-history/, accessed 9 February 2023; James H. Lewis, Gilbert Burrell, and Frank W. Ball, “Turbocharged Oldsmobile F-85 engine develops … one horsepower per cubic inch,” The SAE Journal Vol. 70, No. 6 (June 1962): 50–52 (adapted from Lewis, Burrell, and Ball, “The Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire Turbo Rocket Engine,” Paper 531B, June 1962); Richard A. Leyes II and Richard A. Fleming, The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines (Reston, Va., and Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., and the Smithsonian Institution, 1999); “Liberty 12 Model A (Packard), Moss Turbosupercharged, V-12 Engine [Inventory Number A19660043000],” the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, airandspace.si. edu/ collection-objects/ liberty-12-model-packard-moss-turbosupercharged-v-12-engine/ nasm_A19660043000, accessed 9 February 2023; “A Life Saver for Fighter Pilots becomes a Power Booster for Cars and Trucks” [Thompson Products advertisement], Flying Vol. 36, No. 6 (June 1945): 139; Matt Litwin, “Reborn Riviera – 1983 Buick Riviera T-Type,” Hemmings, 23 September 2018, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ article/ reborn-riviera-1983-buick-riviera-t-type, accessed 24 April 2023; Daniel R. Lloyd and Nathan J. Lloyd, Tuning and Modifying the Rover V8 Engine (Wiltshire, England: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2019); Ron Loden, “Compact for the Quarter,” Speed & Custom April 1965: 44–48, 58; Karl Ludvigsen, “Buick Built a Better Engine,” Sports Cars Illustrated Vol. 7, No. 5 (November 1960): 46–53, and “Cummins at the Brickyard,” Car Life Vol. 16, No. 6 (July 1969): 32–35; Mark J. McCourt, “1978 Saab 99 Turbo,” Hemmings, 23 September 2018, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ article/ 1978-saab-99-turbo, accessed 6 February 2023, “Gudmund’s Glory – 1977 Saab 99 EMS, 1978 Saab 99 Turbo,” Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car No. 63 (November 2010); and “Leader in a New Era,” Hemmings, 23 September 2018, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ article/ leader-in-a-new-era, accessed 8 February 2023; Kimble D. McCutcheon, “Frank Walker — ‘What can I do about this problem?'” www.enginehistory. org/ Biography/ FrankWalkerWeb1.pdf, accessed 19 February 2023, and “The First Turbosupercharged U.S. Aircraft Engine,” Aircraft Engine Historical Society, www.enginehistory. org/ superchargers.shtml, accessed 9 February 2023; A.J. McKinney, “Some Points in Aeronautical Engines,” The Aeronautical Journal Vol. 13, No. 50 (April 1909): 37–46; Harold H. Macklin, Jr., discussion in Walter Hassan, “The New Jaguar 12-Cyl Engine,” by Walter Hassan, SAE Technical Paper 720163 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1972); Mike McNessor, “The Oldsmobile Turbo-Rocket V-8 introduced the world to lightweight, boosted performance,” Hemmings, 26 July 2022, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ 2022/ 07/ 26/ the-oldsmobile-turbo-rocket-v-8-introduced-the-world-to-lightweight-boosted-performance, accessed 31 March 2023; Bob McVay, “Buick Special,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 9 (September 1963), reprinted in Buick Muscle Cars 1963-1973, ed. R.M. Clarke (Cobham, England: Brooklands Books Ltd., ca. 2001), and “Oldsmobile F-85 Cutlass: Softly sprung F-85 offers luxury and performance sans blower,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 7 (July 1963), reprinted in Oldsmobile Automobiles 1955–1963 (Brooklands Road Test Books), ed. R.M. Clarke (Cobham, England: Brooklands Books Ltd., ca. 1989); Mike McNessor, “Scout’s Honor – 1965 International Scout,” Hemmings, 23 September 2018, www.hemmings. com/ stories/ article/ scouts-honor-1965-international-scout, accessed 23 February 2023; Keith Martin and Linda Clark, Strange But True Tales of Car Collecting: Drowned Bugattis, Buried Belvederes, Felonious Ferraris, and other Wild Stories of Automotive Misadventures (Minneapolis, Minn.: Motorbooks, 2017); Murilee Martin, “Cut-Down Engine of the Week: IHC Comanche,” Autoweek 28 December 2017, www.autoweek. com/ car-life/ a1837651/cut-down-engine-week-ihc-comanche/, accessed 23 February 2023; Mercedes-Benz Group Media, “Putting on the pressure, one hundred years ago: The first Mercedes compressor cars at the DAA 1921,” 20 September 2021, group-media.mercedes-benz. com/ marsMediaSite/ en/ instance/ ko/ Putting-on-the-pressure-one-hundred-years-ago-The-first-Mercedes-compressor-cars-at-the-DAA-1921.xhtml?oid=51387132, accessed 17 March 2023; “Mercedes-Benz 300SD: The Benevolent Potentate,” Road & Track Vol. 29, No. 12 (August 1978): 142–144; Hans Mezger, “Turbocharging Engines for Racing and Passenger Cars,” SAE Technical Paper 780718 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1978); Jay K. Miller, Turbos: Real World High Performance Turbocharger Systems (North Branch, Minn.: CarTech, Inc., 2008); Klaus Mollenhauer and Helmut Tschöke, eds., trans. Krister G.E. Johnson, Handbook of Diesel Engines (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010); Jim Moody, the McCulloch Supercharger Website, 6 October 2005, vs57.y-block.info, accessed 17 February 2023; Sanford A. Moss, assignor to General Electric Company, U.S. Patent No. 1,413,420, “Supercharger for Internal-Combustion Engines,” filed 17 December 1920, patented 18 April 1922, and U.S. Patent No. 1,508,707, “Control Mechanism for Aeroplane Superchargers,” filed 8 April 1922, patented 16 September 1924; John Mulhere, “Mercedes-Benz 24/100/140: The touring car that spawned a generation of race cars,” Autoweek 27 April 1981: 12–13; “Murray Rotary Engine,” the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, airandspace.si. edu/ collection-objects/ murray-rotary-engine/ nasm_A19640635000, accessed 18 February 2023; “Mustang GT-350-S” and “Supercharging: The Basics,” Car Life Vol. 13, No. 6 (July 1966): 40–45; Chuck Nerpal, “Olds: F-85 and Super 88 Road Test,” Motor Life Vol. 10, No. 9 (April 1961): 22–29; “New Buick V-6 1962,” Road & Track Vol. 13, No. 3 (November 1961): 19–21; Jan P. Norbye, “Oldsmobile Jetfire,” The Autocar 27 April 1962: 671–673, and “Testing the Ruggeds…on and off the road,” Popular Science Vol. 187, No. 2 (August 1965): 46–50, 172–173; Jan P. Norbye and Jim Dunne, Oldsmobile 1946–1980: The Classic Postwar Years, 2nd ed. (Osceola, Wis.: Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1993); Kurt Obländer, Manfred Fortnagel, Hans-Juergen Feucht, and Ulrich Conrad, “The Turbocharged Five-Cylinder Diesel Engine for the Mercedes-Benz 300 SD,” SAE Technical Paper 780633 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1978); Gerard F. O’Connor and Michael M. Smith, “Variable Nozzle Turbochargers for Passenger Car Applications,” SAE Technical Paper 880121 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1988); the Old Car Manual Project Brochure Collection website, oldcarbrochures.org; the Old Car Manual Project Free Car Brochures website, storm.oldcarmanualproject.com; “Olds F-85,” Motor Trend Vol. 13, No. 2 (February 1961): 28–31, 44–45; Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, “1962 Oldsmobile Colors” [brochure, OSP-150C, 1962]; “1963 Sports Cars by Oldsmobile” [brochure, September 1962]; “1967 Oldsmobile: SPECS (Salesman’s Prices, Equipment, Color & Trims, Specifications)” [dealer literature], revised March 1967; Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, “’68 Oldsmobile: Salesman’s Prices, Equipment, Color & Trims, Specifications” [dealer literature], revised January 1968; “AMA Specifications – Passenger Car: Oldsmobile F-85, 1962,” Automobile Manufacturers Association Form AMA-40A, 22 September 1961; “AMA Specifications – Passenger Car: Oldsmobile F-85 and Cutlass, 1967,” Automobile Manufacturers Association Form AMA-40A, 9 December 1966; Jetfire Service Manual: Oldsmobile F-85 (Lansing, Mich.: Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, June 1962); “Oldsmobile for ’64: Where the Action Is!” [brochure, September 1963]; Oldsmobile Parts and Accessories Catalog, Chassis Edition, Rev. January 1963 (Lansing, Mich.: Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, 1963); Oldsmobile Parts and Accessories Catalog, Models Thru 1972 (Lansing, Mich.: Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, June 1972); Oldsmobile Parts and Accessories Price Schedule, June 1966 Edition (Lansing, Mich.: Oldsmobile Division, General Motors Corporation, 1966); and “There’s Something Extra Under This Hood! Exclusively in Jetfire by Olds!” [brochure, March 1962]; “Oldsmobile F-85,” Car and Driver Vol. 8, No. 6 (May 1961): 82–83, 115–119; “Oldsmobile’s F-85 Cutlass,” Motor Trend Vol. 13, No. 7 (July 1961): 26–27; George Oliver, The Rover (London: Cassell & Co., 1971); William Pearce, “Cummins Diesel Indy 500 Racers,” Old Machine Press 20 January 2019, oldmachinepress. com/ 2019/ 01/ 20/ cummins-diesel-indy-500-racers/, accessed 10 February 2023; Chris Perkins, “How Water Injection Can Produced Big Horsepower Gains,” Road & Track 9 January 2019, www.roadandtrack. com/ new-cars/ car-technology/ a25833896/ how-water-injection-increases-horsepower/, accessed 6 February 2023; Pontiac Motor Division, General Motors Corp., 1962 Pontiac Tempest Shop Manual [S-6204 TP] (Pontiac, Mich.: Pontiac Motor Division, General Motors Corp., August 1961); “Power with pomp (Motor Road Test No. 34/67: Rover 3.5-litre coupé),” Motor 7 October 1967: 59–64; Auguste Camille Edmond Rateau, Austrian Patent No. AT92453B, “Internal combustion engine system for aircraft,” filed 18 November 1920, priority date 7 December 1916, granted 11 May 1923, and U.S. Patent No. 1,375,931, “Pertaining to Internal-Combustion Aircraft Motors,” filed 6 November 1917, patented 26 April 1921; “Reina del Pacifico: The Pacific Steam Navigation Company’s Reina del Pacifico of 1931,” Liverpool Ships, www.liverpoolships. org/ reina_del_pacifico_pacific_steam_navigation.html, accessed 8 February 2023; Neville M. Reiners and William D. Schwab, “Cummins Turbocharged Diesel Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 570078 (New York: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1957); Frank Richards, “The Use of Coolers in Air Compression,” The Engineering and Mining Journal Vol. 83, No. 22 (June 1, 1907): 1039; “Road Research Report: Corvair Corsa,” Car and Driver Vol. 11, No. 11 (October 1964): 31–36, 89–92; “Road Test: Buick Skylark,” Road & Track Vol. 13, No. 7 (March 1962): 36–39; “Road Test: Buick Special,” Road & Track Vol. 12, No. 3 (November 1960): 32–35; “Road Test: Saab 99 Turbo,” Motor 3 May 1980, reprinted in Motor Road Tests 1980: 202–205; Graham Robson, The Rover Story, 4th ed. (Wellingborough, England: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1988); Addison M. Rothrock, “Calculations of Intake-Air Cooling Resulting from Water Injection and of Water Recovery from Exhaust Gas,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics RB E4H26, August 1944; M.R. Rowe and G.T. Ladd, “Water Injection,” SAE Technical Paper 460912, SAE Transactions Vol. 54, No. 1 (Jan. 1946): 26–37, 44; Roy Ruchgott, “How G.M.’s First Turbo Engines Crashed and Burned,” New York Times 26 August 2021, www.nytimes. com/ 2021/ 08/ 26/ business/ turbocharged-cars-jetfire-corvair.html, accessed 6 February 2023; Steven Rupp, “What Are Roots Blowers, Who Invented Them, and How Do They Work?” Hot Rod 15 February 2023, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ how-to/ what-is-a-roots-blower/, accessed 16 February 2023; Saab 99 Turbo Registry, saab99turbo.com, accessed 6 February 2023; Saab-Scania AB, Saab Car Division, “Accessories: Water injection, Group 14:3/1,” September 1988, via SaabWorld.net; “Saab Turbo,” Autocar 11 March 1978: 12–16; Earl H. Sherbondy, U.S. Patent No. 1,346,563, “Automatic Control for Turbo-Compressors,” filed 26 March 1918, patented 13 July 1920; Don Sherman, “Spin Doctor: 100 years ago, one man proved turbocharging’s worth,” Hagerty, 24 January 2022, www.hagerty. com/ media/ automotive-history/ 100-years-sanford-moss-turbocharging/, accessed 9 February 2023; Bill Sanders, “Now you can have it too: Econoperforleration*: Oldsmobile has added it for 1968,” Motor Trend Vol. 20, No. 7 (July 1968): 94–97; Tom Shaw, “1963 Studebaker R2 Lark – Superhero,” Hot Rod 16 January 2014, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ features/ 1963-studebaker-r2-lark-superhero/, accessed 17 February 2023; Dennis Siamaitis, “Pom on the 4 1/2-Litre Supercharged Bentley Part 1,” Siamanitis Says, 5 November 2021, simanaitissays. com/ tag/ amherst-villiers-supercharger-design-bentley/, accessed 18 March 2023; David Singer, “Comparison of a Supercharger vs. a Turbocharger in a Small Displacement Gasoline Engine Application,” SAE Technical Paper 850244 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1985); “Six-Cylinder Chadwick Entered in Vanderbilt Cup Race,” The Automobile Vol. 19, No. 5 (August 6, 1908): 207; Charlie Sponaugle, “History of Haynes International, Inc.,” Pittsburgh Engineer Winter 2005: 7–9; Ufficio Stampa, “Volvo Titan, the largest of the heavy trucks that brought turbo-diesel,” SMET, 3 September 2021, www.smet. it/ en/ blog-en/ volvo-titan-the-largest-of-the-heavy-trucks-that-brought-turbo-diesel/, accessed 19 March 2023; “Staying power,” ABB Group, 20 October 2016, new.abb. com/ news/ detail/655/ staying-power, accessed 18 February 2023; “Steamer Beats Dead Horse Hill Record,” Motor Age Vol. 13, No. 24 (June 11, 1908): 12; STK Turbo Technik, “History of the exhaust gas driven turbocharger,” en.turbolader. net/ Technology/ History.aspx, accessed 18 February 2023; Bryan R. Swopes, “This Day in Aviation: 6 September 1919,” This Day in Aviation, 2017, www.thisdayinaviation. com/ 6-september-1919/, accessed 18 February 2023; C. Fayette Taylor, “Recent Aircraft Engine Developments,” Transactions of the Society of Automotive Engineers Vol. 17, Part I (1923): 872–881; James Taylor, Rover P6: 2000, 2200, 3500: The Complete Story (Wiltshire, England: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2020); “Turbo-Charger,” Car Life Vol. 8, No. 11 (December 1961): 69; Robert Thoreson and James Brafford, “Changes needed to adapt Corvair engine to supercharging,” The SAE Journal Vol. 70, No. 10 (October 1962): 43 (adapted from Thoreson and Brafford, “The Corvair Turbosupercharged Engine,” Paper 531A, June 1962); Jean-François Tissot, “Developing turbochargers into the products we recognize today,” charge! Magazine (Accelleron Industries) 21 December 2020, charge-magazine.accelleron-industries. com/ developing-turbochargers-into-the-products-we-recognize-today/, accessed 18 February 2023, and “How forced induction resulted in greater power density, efficiency, and cleanness,” charge! Magazine (Accelleron Industries) 25 November 2020, charge-magazine.abb. com/ how-forced-induction-improved-internal-combustion-engines/, accessed 18 February 2023; Jerry Titus, “Big Year for Blowers,” Car Life Vol. 4, No. 7 (August 1957): 18–19, 74; “Turbo-Supercharging,” Automobile Engineer Vol. 53, No. 2 (February 1963): 42–51; U.S. Arms Control & Disarmament Agency, “Case Study No. 9: The Garrett Corporation,” Defense Industry Diversification: An Analysis with 12 Case Studies, prepared by John S. Gilmore and Dean C. Coddington, University of Denver Research Industry (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1966): 223–235; U.S. Army Air Forces, Pilot Training Manual for the Thunderbolt P-47N (AAF Manual 51-127-4), 1 September 1945; United States Congress, 94th Congress (1975–1976), “S.622 – Energy Policy and Conservation Act,” via Congress.gov, www.congress. gov/ bill/ 94th-congress/ senate-bill/622/, accessed 6 March 2023; U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, “Fuel Properties Comparison,” January 2021, afdc.energy. gov/ fuels/ properties, and “Methanol,” afdc.energy. gov/ fuels/ emerging_methanol.html, accessed 8 February 2023; U.S. Environmental Production Agency, The 2022 EPA Automotive Trends Report: Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Technology since 1975, EPA-420-R22-029, December 2022; Claude Viret, “Chrono 115 episode 10: the turbocharging saga,” Renault Group Heritage, 29 January 2014, www.renaultgroup. com/ en/ news-on-air/ news/ chrono-115-episode-10-the-turbocharging-saga/, accessed 27 February 2023; Werner Theodor von der Nuell, “Superchargers and Their Comparative Performance,” SAE Quarterly Transactions Vol. 6, No. 4 (October 1952): 753–782, and “Turbocharging for Better Vehicle Engines,” SAE Technical Paper No. 631A (630002) (New York: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., January 14–18, 1963); Tom F. Wallace, “Buick’s Turbocharged V-6 Powertrain for 1978,” SAE Technical Paper 780413 (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1978); Alex Walordy and the Editors of Cars, “The Aluminum V8: A Mass Production Milestone,” Engines 1962: 56–58; G.R. Whale, “A Look Back at the First 100 Years of the Cummins Company,” Four Wheeler, 21 February 2020, via MotorTrend.com, www.motortrend. com/ news/ cummins-100-years/, accessed 19 March 2023; Joe H. Wherry, “Detroit ‘s Stock Rods,” Motor Trend Vol. 9, No. 3 (March 1957): 24–25; Jim Whipple, “Buick Special’s performance-plus economy,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 115, No. 3 (March 1961): 122–125, 286–291; “Comparing the ’61 Compacts,” Popular Mechanics, Vol. 114, No. 7 (January 1961): 147–151, 260; “PM Owners Report: Nimble Olds F-85 Pleases Owners; Mileage, Transmission Draw Fire,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 120, No. 1 (July 1963): 76–79, 196–197; “PM’s 1000-Mile Road Test of Buick’s New V-6,” Popular Mechanics Vol. 116, No. 4 (October 1961): 108–111, 258–260; “Spotlight on the Turbocharged Olds F-85 and Corvair,” Popular Mechanics, Vol. 117, No. 11 (May 1962): 60, 62; Graham White, R-2800: Pratt & Whitney’s Dependable Masterpiece (Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2001); Jim Wright, “1964 Studebaker Super Lark,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 12 (December 1963): 20–25; “Corvair—performance,” Motor Trend Vol. 15, No. 6 (June 1963): 42–47; “Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire,” Motor Trend Vol. 14, No. 9 (September 1962): 26–31; “Project: Horsepower,” Motor Trend Vol. 14, No. 1 (January 1962): 58–63; and “Super-Offy,” Car Life Vol. 13, No. 2 (March 1966): 38–41.

Please note that any exchange rate equivalencies or inflation estimates cited in this article are approximate and are provided solely for the reader’s general reference — this is an automotive history, not a treatise on currency trading or the value of money, and nothing in this article should be taken as financial advice of any kind!

RELATED ARTICLES

• Magnificent Kludge: The ‘Rope-Drive’ 1961–1963 Pontiac Tempest
• Contrary Compact: The Life and Death of the Chevrolet Corvair
• The Strange Tale of the Buick Skylark, Buick-Rover V8, and 3800 V6
• In the Middle of the Road: The Oldsmobile Cutlass and 4-4-2
• Dynaflow, Turboglide, Roto Hydra-Matic, and Other Early GM Automatics